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江苏 陈力铭
动词不定式为非谓语动词的一种形式,由“小品词to+动词原形”构成,但有时小品词to可以省略,下面便是笔者归纳的几组动词不定式省略to的情况:
1. 与助动词和情态动词一起构成复合谓语时,可以省略to。例:
(1)He doesn”t like singing.
他不喜欢唱歌。
(2)He will come here tomorrow.
他明天将到这儿来。
[注]在ought, used, be, have之后仍带to。例如:
(3)These machines ought to be cleaned once a day.
这些机器应该一天清洗一次。
(4)My father used to go fishing.
我的父亲过去常去钓鱼。
2. 在感观动词(see, watch, notice等)和使役动词(let, make, have等)后面作宾语补足语时,省略to。例:
(1)He noticed a stranger come into the room just now.
他刚才看见一个陌生人进了那个房间。
(2)The boss often made him do very hard work.
老板经常让他做非常苦的工作。
[注]此类动词用于被动语态时(watch, have to一般不变被动语态),其后作主语补足语的不定式必须带to。
3. 用于but, except和besides三个介词之后,但这些介词之前须有行为动词do的各种形式,用不带to的不定式。例:
(1)He could do nothing but wait.
他只有等待。
(2)I have done nothing except do what I should.
我只是做了我应该做的。
(3)What do you like to do besides reading.
除了读书,你还喜欢干什么?
4. 在had better, would rather, would sooner等短语之后,不定式不带to。例:
(1)I would rather not tell you.
我看还是不告诉你的好。
(2)Better wait a few days.
最好再等几天。
5. 将连词rather than, sooner than置于句首时,其后的不定式不接to。例:
(1)Rather than see the film, I prefer to watch TV.
我宁愿看电视也不看电影。
(2)Sooner than marry that man, she would earn her living as a waitress.
她情愿以服务为生,也不愿与那男子结婚。
[注]than, rather than在其它位置时,也常不带to,但如果表示对比或在比较句型中要带to。例:
(3)He decided to write rather than to telephone.
(对比)他决定写信而不是打电话。
(4)He believes it important to study rather than to make friends.
(比较)他认为最重要的是学习而不是交朋友。
(5)He likes to swim more than skate.
比起溜冰他更喜欢游泳。
6. 在以why(not)开头的简短疑问句中,用不带to的不定式。例:
(1)Why waste time?
为什么要浪费时间?
(2)Why not go there with me?
为什么不和我一起去那里?
7. 如主语部分含有实义动词do,而不定式作表语时,to可以省去。例:
(1)The only thing you can do is wait and see.
你只好等着瞧。
8. 几个不定式并列时,常只在第一个前加to,后面的to常可不带。例:
(1)Do you want to have a rest or work till ten o”clock?
你是想休息一会儿呢还是一直工作到十点?
(2)It”s kind of you to come and see me.
你能来看我真是太好了。
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