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河南淅川高中 梁世杰
在英语中，通常用的陈述语序是“主语+谓语”。如果语序变为：“谓语（全部或一部分）+主语”，就叫做倒装语序。倒装语序是历年高考试题考查的重要语法项目之一。
一、倒装语序的分类
倒装现象很多，大致可以归纳为两大类：完全倒装和部分倒装。
（一）在下列情况下可以用完全倒装语序：
1. 在疑问句中，可以用完全倒装语序。例如：
Have you any friends in England? （英国英语）
Who is he?
2. 在there be 句式中，需要用完全倒装语序。例如：
There will be a football match this afternoon.
3. 以here, there, now, then开头的句子，常用完全倒装语序。例如：
Here is a letter.
There comes Ann.
Then appeared the policemen with clubs.
注：如果主语是代词，那么主谓语就不必倒装。例如：
Here you are.
There she comes.
4. 以in, out, up, down, away, back, over, off等开头的句子常用完全倒装语序。例如：
Out rushed the boys.
In came the teacher and the lesson began.
注：（1）这种句子中的谓语动词多为不及物动词。（2）主语是代词时，主语和谓语不用倒装。例如：
Out they rushed.
5. 为了保持句子平衡，或为了强调表语或地点状语，或为了使上下文紧密衔接，可以使用完全倒装语序。例如：
In a lecture hall of a university in England sits a professor.
Such was the story you told me.
6. 直接引语的一部分或全部位于句首时，引述动词和它的主语有时也用倒装语序。例如：
“I don”t think so,” said Holmes.
7. 某些表示祝愿的句子可以用完全倒装语序。例如：
Long live mutual understanding! 理解万岁！
（二）在下列情况下可以用部分倒装语序：
1. 在疑问句中，可以用部分倒装语序。例如：
Do you have any friend in the USA?（美国英语）
What do you know about Beethoven?
注：（1）助动词(do, be, have)或情态动词位于句首的疑问句属于部分倒装语序。连系动词“be”或实义动词“have”（have表示“有”的意思）位于句首的疑问句属于完全倒装语序。（2）当疑问词在特殊疑问句中作主语或修饰主语时，一般用陈述语序。例如：
Who are our enemies? Who are our friends? This is a question of the first importance for the revolutionary.
Which picture is more beautiful?
2. 在以never, hardly, scarcely, barely, not only…but (also), seldom, little, rarely, nowhere, by no means, not until, hardly/scarcely…when, no sooner…than等表示否定意义或半否定意义的副词或副词词组开头的句子中，常使用部分倒装语序。例如：
By no means will this method be satisfactory.
No sooner had they got to the plant than they started to work.
3. 以“only+它所修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句”位于句首时，常使用部分倒装语序。例如：
Only in this way can you learn from your friends.
注：如果only修饰的不是状语，而是主语，则不必用倒装语序。例如：
Only she was hurt in the accident.
4. 在虚拟条件句中，如果省略从属连词if，需要使用倒装语序，即把were, had或should移至主语前面。例如：
Had she (=If she had) been here yesterday, she would have come to see you.
Should you change(=If you should change) your plan, please let me know.
5. 在often, always, once, many a time, now and again, every other day等表示频度的状语开头的句子中，常用部分倒装语序。例如：
Often had I intended to speak of it.
Many a time has he helped me with my experiment.
注：如果不是为了特别强调，这些状语放在句首时也可以不用倒装语序。
6. 在so…that结构中，如果so位于句首（so作程度状语，它所修饰的形容词、副词连同so一起置于句首），其后用部分倒装语序。例如：
So fast does light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.
7. 某些表示祝愿的句子，可以使用部分倒装语序。例如：
May you succeed! (= I hope you may succeed.) 祝你成功！
二、高考考点与答案解析
1. (MET 1989)Not until the early years of the 19th century _________ what heat is.
A. man did know B. man knew
C. didn”t man know D. did man know
2. (MET 1990) Not until I began to work _________ how much time I had wasted.
A. didn”t I realize B. did I realize
C. I didn”t realize D. I realized
3. (NMET 1995) Not until all the fish died in the river ________ how serious the pollution was.
A. did the villagers realize
B. the villagers realized
C. the villagers did realize
D. didn”t the villagers realize
4. (NMET 2000春) I finally got the job I dreamed about. Never in all my life ________ so happy!
A. did I feel B. I felt C. I had felt D. had I felt
5. (NMET 2001春)_______ can you expect to get a pay rise.
A. With hard work B. Although work hard
C. Only with hard work D. Now that he works hard
6. (2002上海)Only when the war was over ________ to his hometwon.
A. did the young soldier return
B. the young soldier returned
C. returned the young soldier
D. the young soldier did return
7. (2002上海)Not only ________ interested in football but _______ beginning to show an interest in it.
A. the teacher himself is; all his students are
B. the teacher himself is; are all his students
C. is the teacher himself; are all his students
D. is the teacher himself; all his students are
8. (2003上海)Only in this way ________ to make improvement in the operating system.
A. you can hope B. you did hope
C. can you hope d. did you hope
9. (NMET 2003)The old couple have been married for 40 years and never once _______ with each other.
A. they had quarreled B. they have quarreled
C. have they quarreled D. had they quarreled
［答案与解析］
1. D 2. B
3. A。not until引导的状语从句位于句首时，主句要用部分倒装语序。句首Not until中已有否定词Not，主句就不能再用否定式。
4. D。never位于句首时，引起部分倒装。根据上下文，此句须用过去完成时，所以答案为D。
5. C。空白处后面是部分倒装语序，所以要从四个选项中选出一个能引起部分倒装的选项。C项为“only+状语”，且位于句首，故C是应选答案。
6. A。副词only放句首，修饰后面的时间状语从句，所以主句应用部分倒装语序。只有A项符合此意。
7. D。not only…but(also)连接两个并列分句且not only置于句首时，第一分句须用部分倒装语序，第二个分句用陈述语序。只有D项符合这个条件。
8. C。副词only置于句首，修饰后面的副词、介词短语或时间状语从句时，其后应用部分倒装语序。D项是过去时，不合题意。C项表示能力，正好切合题意。
9. C。在以never, hardly, seldom, not until等表示否定意义或半否定意义的副词或副词词组开头的句子中，其后的句子须用部分倒装语序。因为前后两个分句的时态要求呼应，所以答案应为C。
三、高考热点强化练习
从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳答案。
1. Only in this way ________ progress in your English.
A. you make B. can you make
C. you be able to make D. will you able to make
2. On the wall ________ two large portraits.
A. hangs B. hang C. hanged D. hanging
3. Little ________ about his own safety, though he was in great danger himself.
A. does he care B. did he care
C. he care D. he cared
4. _______ got into the room ________ the telephone rang.
A. He hardly had; then
B. Hardly had he; when
C. He had not; than
D. Not had he; when
5. Hearing the cry, in ______ with a gun in his hand.
A. did the soldier rush B. rushed the soldier
C. the soldier rushed D. rushing the soldier
6. _________, so you are not a friend of mine.
A. I never saw you before
B. Never before I have seen you
C. Never before have I seen you
D. Never had I seen you before
7. ________ his advice, we”d have been cheated.
A. If you didn”t give us
B. Not having given us
C. Should he not have given us
D. Had it not been for
8. ________ I shouted at the top of my voice ________ turn his head.
A. Until; did he not B. Until; he did not
C. Not until; he did D. Not until; did he
9. �If that is not yours, _________?
�Probably Jane”s.
A. whose else can it be B. whose else it can be
C. which else can it be D. whose else can be it
10. Then ________ that the enemy were gone.
A. the news came B. came the news
C. did the news come D. did come the news
Key：1－5 B B B B B 6－10 C D D A B
摘自 中学生英语园地
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