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胡金锡
have作为实义动词,后面可以接复合结构。有“使役”意义,表达有意识地使宾语接受动作;也可无“使役”意义,只表主语接受动作。have后面所接的复合宾语有多种形式,宾补不同所表达的意义就不同。
1. have+宾语+省to不定式。
1)请(叫、让、要)某人做某事。句中的宾语与动词之间是主动关系,宾语为人。如:
Please have some of the students clean the dining-hall .
请找几个同学打扫一下餐厅。
2)不表示主语的意愿,只是某种被动的遭遇。宾语为人或物。如:
They had an earthquake take place last year .
去年他们遭遇了一次地震。
make一词也可用于此结构。如:They drew some pictures on the wall and made the wall look much prettier.他们在墙上画了画,使墙看起来更漂亮了。
这种结构若变成被动语态,则动词不定式不能省略to。如:She was made to cry by her little brother. 她被弟弟弄哭了。
get一词用于此结构时,动词不定式不能省略to。如:The teacher got us to finish our homework today. 老师让我们今天完成作业。
2. have+宾语+现在分词,宾语是人,也可是物。
1)表示“允许,听任”某人干某事。如:Don’t have your children crying while eating. 吃饭时不要让孩子哭。
2)表示某人持续地做事或处于某种状态。如:The story had us laughing all the time.这故事让我们笑个不停。
make和get也可用于此结构。如:They made / got us waiting for a long time. 他们让我们等了好久。
3. have+宾语+过去分词。此宾语是过去分词所表示的动作的承受者。宾语可以是人或物。
1)“请某人做某事”,体现主语的意愿。如:I’ll have my watch repaired. 我将找人修修表。
2)强调主语使某事被完成。如:Did you have your bike repaired?你找人修好自行车了吗?
3)说明主语的情况并非主语的意愿。表示“意外发生”或“遭遇某事”。如:She fell off her bike and had her leg broken. 她从车上摔下来,摔断了腿。
make和get也可用于此结构。如:Will you please introduce yourself and make yourself known to us all?你作自我介绍让我们大家认识一下好吗?When washing dishes, he got his finger cut.洗盘子时他划伤了手指。
4. have+宾语+形容词,有“保持”之意,是主语的意志。
宾语是人是物均可。make和get可用于此结构中。如:Have / get your tickets ready, please. 请把票准备好。He refused to come and made his stand clear. 他拒绝来此,并表明了立场。
5. have+宾语+副词,宾语可以是人或物。
如:Please remember to have your brother here.请记着叫你弟弟来这儿。
6. have+宾语+介词短语。make可用于这一结构。
如:She sometimes has me to her house for dinner. 她有时邀我到她家吃饭。Please make yourself at home. 请别拘束。
另外,make还有下列结构。
1)make+宾语+名词(或代词)。如:In 1894, Marx went to England and made London the base for his revolutionary work. 1849年,马克思去了英国并把伦敦作为他革命工作的基地。
2)make+宾语+从句。如:Do you know who has made our company what it is today?你知道是谁把公司搞成今天这个样子吗?
3)make+it(形式宾语)+名词(或形容词)+从句(真正宾语)。如:We have made it clear whoever breaks the law will be punished.我们已声明,凡违法者皆受惩罚。
4)make+it(形式宾语)+名词(或形容词)+动词不定式(真正宾语)。如:It is he who has made it difficult to solve the problem.是他造成了这一难以解决的问题。
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