湖北 / 胡君祥 张斌 肖红伟
一直以来都有学生提出这样的问题：“阅读理解练习做了这么多，词汇量也增加了不少，为什么阅读能力没见长进呢？怎样才能较快而有效地提高阅读理解能力呢？”经过长期的观察、对比和思索，现笔者就此问题谈谈本人的看法，以供大家讨论和参考。
一 . 注重落实基础
在很多人看来，阅读理解的基础似乎就是词汇量的简单堆砌，笔者认为此观点有失偏颇。就中学英语而言，阅读理解的基础除了一定的词汇量外，还应包括两种基本能力：一是分析基本句法结构（尤其是各种从句和分词）及猜测、处理代词指代和生词的能力；二是要有一定的逻辑思维能力。在现今的英语教学中这两种能力往往没有受到足够的重视，从而导致了很多学生一遇到长句、结构复杂的句子及代词和生词多的文章就一筹莫展。如：
The woman liked the strong and tall girl as soon as she saw her. “Remember, Betty, ” said she, “you must be honest and obedient . ” Do you understand me?”
“Yes, Mrs Cook, ” said the girl. “But what should I do if you let me tell the visitor that you aren't in?”
The meaning of the underlined word “obedient ” is “_______”.
A. 听话的；服从的 B. 有礼貌的
C. 机智的 D. 谨慎的
析：正确答案为 A 项。此题考查词义的猜测。猜测 obedient 的词义可从三个方面着手： 1. 根据词根联系法—— obey 便是它的词根； 2. 从前后词的关系——相近、同类； 3. 由上下文——词不离句，句不离文。“ but what should I do if you let me tell the visitor that you aren't in ”是“ You must be honest and obedient. Do you understand me? ”的反问句。
又如：
Do you always understand the directions （说明） on a bottle of medicine? Do you know what is meant by “Take only as directed” ? Read the following directions and see if you understand them.
“To reduce （减轻） pain, take two tablets （药片） with water, followed by one tablet every eight hours, as required. For night-time and early morning relief take two tablets at bedtime. Do not take more than six tablets in twenty-four hours.”
For children six to twelve years old, give half the amount. For children under six years old, ask your doctor's advice.
Reduce the amount if you suffer from restlessness （焦躁） or sleeplessness after taking the medicine.
1. How many tablets should a nine-year-old child normally take in 24 hours?
A. Half a tablet B. One tablet
C. Two tablets D. Four tablets
析：正确答案为 C 项。此题考查的是日常生活知识，服药绝不可超剂量，故 D 项不对；但又要够量，因而在其它选项中 C 项为宜。
2. This passage is most probably taken from a _________.
A. textbook B. newsreel
C. doctor's notebook D. bottle of medicine
析：正确答案为 A 项。此题考查了不少原题以外的知识，作为新闻影片（ newsreel ）必定有对具体的人和事的记叙。药品标签说明和医生的笔记里是不会有“ Do you … ”的话语，故 C 、 D 两项不对。
二 . 进行“练—讲—体会—再练”的滚动式阅读理解训练
由于阅读理解在取材、选材、分类和编排等方面的工作量很大，因而在阅读理解的教学中往往是粗放式地进行，其过程为“练—讲”，长此以往就会缺少举一反三的环节。而知识的记忆、技能的掌握往往要循环往复才能达到目的，下面就举例说明滚动式操练阅读理解的方法。如：
Radio and television are very popular in the world today. Millions of people watch TV. Perhaps more people listen to the radio. The TV is, of course, more useful than the radio. On TV you can see and hear what is happening in the world.
However, radio is not disappearing （消失） . It's still with us. And the number of listeners is becoming larger. One reason for this is that the invention of the transistor （半导体） . A transistor radio is sometimes very small. It is very easy to carry. You can put one in your pocket and listen to it on the bus or on your bike when you go to work. Besides, radio broadcasts are better for blind people Many old people don't have good eyesight. They can't watch TV, but they can listen to music or news over the radio. What's more, a radio is much cheaper than a TV set.
The writer gives _______ reasons that radio isn't disappearing.
A. three B. four C. five D. six
析：正确答案为 A 项。此题是要通过找列举的词语（如 one/besides/what's more ）来解题的。
三 . 分门别类，强化重点，灵活多样，有的放矢
阅读理解的分类法有很多种。常见的有根据文章题材分类的，有根据设题和解题分类的等。不同的学生对不同特点的阅读理解的感受也不相同，文科生在做侧重逻辑思维和推理能力的题时往往不及理科生，而在细节处理、信息捕捉、大意归纳等方面的能力往往胜过理科生。为此，可以单就某段文字或几个句子而并非一整篇文章对不同的学生进行不同的施教。如为提高学生猜测或理解生词的能力，可编排一此短小精悍的阅读理解题。如：
Many well-off Americans have a camper or “trailer” which they can use for weekends away.
The underlined word “well-off” means “________”.
A. happy B. lucky C. rich D. active
析：正确答案为 C 项。由该词所在的位置及句意来看，能够拥有活动住宅或在乡间拥有度假专用房的人，必定是富有者。
又如：
Many rock stars live like Grace Slick. Those performers return from a tour, pay their bills, and but new toys. Then when they need money, they do another tour. They save no money and live from hand to mouth .
The underlined phrase “from hand to mouth” means “_______”.
A. they have to earn money by hand
B. they know how to spend money in a reasonable way
C. they earn money only for their immediate enjoyment
D. they steal to feed their mouth when they need money
析：正确答案为 C 项。联系上下文可知答案为 C 项。
再如：
When collective bargaining （集体谈判） failed, the unions resorted to strikes.
The underlined words “resorted to” means _______.
A. stopped doing something
B. gave up
C. turned to something else for help
D. went on with
析：正确答案为 C 项。由句意分析可知“谈判不成就转向罢工”。
摘自 考试报
