山东沂南县二中 高永全 代迎春
做英语短文改错题时应把握以下四条原则,这对提高我们的改错能力会有很大的帮助。
一、改动处以最少为原则
短文改错要求每行只能改动一处,改动的方法可以是增词、减词或调换词,但无论作何种改动,只能是增加一词或减少一词或把一个词改成另一个词。当然,没有错误的行无需改动。原则是每行改动不能超过一处。
二、虚词以添加或删除为原则
历年高考英语的短文改错题需要添、删的地方差不多有3处或4处。这些需要添、删的词一般都是虚词(如冠词、代词、关系词等);一般不添、删实词(如动词、名词等),否则会改变句子的原意。例如:
1. They are afraid of I will feel lonely. (删去of)
去掉of以后,afraid后面便是一个从句,这一从句中省略了连词that。有些学生把of改为that,从结构和语法角度看,好像是改正了错误,意思也正确。但是,既然引导从句的连词that可以省略,那么将of改为that就不是正确的改法。
2. In some places you may borrow as many books as you want; in other places where you are limited to a certain number, of which some may be novels. (删去where)
in other places 后面不应该跟where引导的定语从句。如果将其视为定语从句,那么整个句子的结构就错了。
3. But he was even more surprised to see few children near the tiger’s cage. (在few前面加a)
此行错误为few前面少了一个不定冠词a,因为从句意上看是“有几个孩子”,few前面加上a后,语法、语义都正确无误。但不少学生把few改为some或many,这样改,从语法上看虽然改正了错误,句子也通顺,但是把“几个”改成了“一些”或“许多”,与句子原意有了出入,所以不是正确的改法。
三、实词以改变词形为原则
在短文改错题中,对实词的处理一般只是改变它的形式,而不能改变其词义或改换成另一个实词,更不能随便加以添删。例如:
1. Would you mind do me a favor? (把do改为doing)
此句考查动词mind后面应该跟动词的-ing形式作宾语。但有些学生把mind删去,把原句变成:Would you do me a favor? 这样改,虽然语法上是对的,但是它却改变了句子的原意。故不是正确的改法。
2. I’m sure we’ll have a wonderfully time together. (把wonderfully改为wonderful)
原句中的wonderfully是副词,不能用作定语修饰名词time。有些学生把wonderfully改为good,这样改,虽然语法上是对的,但是却削弱了语气。
四、以保持句子原意不变为原则
短文改错一般应遵循保持句子原意不变的原则,即不能改变文章或作者所表达的意思,包括其语气和上下文的逻辑关系。改错应该是针对短文中的用词错误、语法错误、逻辑错误加以改正,且应该是能小改则不大改。例如:
1. I was so tired that I fell asleep at the moment my head touched the pillow. (删掉at)
去掉at之后,the moment起着连词的作用,意思和作用相当于as soon as,用来引导时间状语从句。很多学生在moment后面添上了when,使得后面的句子成了一个定语从句,修饰the moment。这样改,语法上虽然正确,但强调的却是“自己什么时间睡着的”。从整篇文章看,说话者是强调自己累,而不是强调睡觉时间。故不能在moment后面添when。
2. But I know a bull can run more faster than a man. (把more改为much)
此句的错误一目了然,但是如果不认真思考,分不清错误类型,很可能会直接去掉more。根据句意及常识,公牛跑起来比人快得多,比较级faster前面应有表示程度的状语。原句中faster前面用more修饰,错误不在于more是多余的,而是在于用错了词,应该将more改为much。若去掉more,faster的程度就大大减弱了。
3. Modern people know more about health, have better food, and to live in cleaner surroundings. (去掉to)
句中and连接的应该是三个并列的谓语动词know,have和live。部分学生将and去掉而保留了to。这样改从语法角度上看没有错,但to live in a cleaner surrounding成了目的状语,句子的结构和意思变了。故不是正确的改法。
总之,要想做好英语短文改错题,除了掌握上面讲的原则外,还要加强语言基础知识的学习,培养英语语感,多做有针对性的训练。请做下面三则短文改错练习。
I
An important cause of the so-called generation gap 1. _________
is the opportunity which young people have to choose 2. _________
their own life style. In more traditional societies, when 3. _________
children grow up, they expected to live in the same 4. _________
area like their parents, to marry people that their parents 5. _________
know, and often continue the family job. In modern 6. _________
societies, however, young people often go far for educations, 7. _________
move out of their homes at an early age, marrying 8. _________
people whom their parents have never met with, and 9. _________
choose jobs which are different from that of their parents. 10. _________
II
A few days ago I saw a interesting program on TV. 1. ______
It was about the question of traffic in our cities. It seems 2. ______
that a great deal of damages is done by traffic. All our 3. ______
cities are suffered from this. Some buildings are actually 4. ______
falling to pieces. It’s often fast to walk than to go by 5. ______
car or bus. The problem has been getting worse for long 6. ______
time. This is only one problem in thousands of others in 7. ______
our cities. All sorts of terrible things were happening to 8. ______
our cities. The big questions is, “What can we do about it? ” 9. ______
Our roads were never designing for such a heavy traffic. 10. ______
It takes longer and longer to get from one place to another.
III
It was almost five years since I began to learn 1. ______
English. I’m glad to say what I’m getting along well with 2. ______
it. But at the first I met a lot of difficulties. I couldn’t 3. ______
pronounce English words exact nor could I remember 4. ______
the words I have learned. In class, I couldn’t understand 5. ______
what the teacher had said. But he always told me, “Keep 6. ______
on, you will do it well. ”His words greatly encouraged 7. ______
me. I started to work hard at English. Under the help 8. ______
of him and my classmates, I made some progresses. I am 9. ______
very pleased, but I will work still hard. 10. ______
答案与简析:
I. 1. √ 2. which→that(that引导同位语从句)
3. 去掉more(从上下文中看不出比较的意思)
4. expected→expect(从句用的是一般现在时态,主句的时态应该同从句一致。)
5. like→as(the same…as是固定搭配)
6. continue→to continue(和上文中的to live, to marry同作expect的宾语)
7. educations→education(education通常是不可数名词)
8. marrying→marry(从下文中and连接的句子成分来看,go, move, marry和choose是四个并列的谓语动词。)
9. 去掉with(meet with意为“偶然遇到”。)
10. that→those(those指上文中的jobs。)
II. 1. a→an 2. question→problem(problem指具体的难以处理的问题。)
3. damages→damage(damage是不可数名词。)
4. suffered→suffering
5. fast→faster(根据下文than可以看出,应用fast的比较级形式faster。)
6. long前面加a(a long time是固定短语。)
7. √ 8. were→are(整篇文章说的是一种事实,基本时态是一般现在时态。)
9. questions→question(由下文的is和“What can we do about it? ”得知,该用单数形式)
10. designing→designed(根据语义应该用被动语态)
III. 1. was→is(从下文知道,作者指的是“从我开始学英语到现在的情况”,故应将was改为is。)
2. what→that(that引导宾语从句。)
3. 去掉the(at first是一固定短语,意思是“开始,先前”)。
4. exact→exactly(副词exactly修饰动词pronounce)。
5. have→had(主句的时态是一般过去时态,从句应该用过去完成时态。)
6. √
7. you前面加and(“祈使句+and+陈述句”相当于“if引导的条件状语从句+主句”。)
8. Under→With(“在某人的帮助下”要用介词with。)
9. progresses→progress(progress是不可数名词。)
10. hard→harder(同现在的情况进行比较,将来“我会更加努力地工作”,所以应该用hard的比较级形式harder。)
摘自 中学生英语园地