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江苏 / 郝昌明
过去分词作状语是非谓语动词的重要用法之一,也是高考重要考点之一,学习时应注意下列几点:
一、弄清过去分词作状语的最基本特点,初步认识过去分词作状语
过去分词作状语表示被动的和完成的动作。例如:
Written in a hurry, this article was not so good!
因为写得匆忙,这篇文章不是很好。
析: written 为过去分词作状语,表示这篇文章是被写的,而且已经被写。
值得注意的是,有些过去分词因来源于系表结构,作状语时不表被动而表主动。这样的过去分词及短语常见的有: lost (迷路); seated (坐); hidden (躲); stationed (驻扎); lost / absorbed in (沉溺于); born (出身于); dressed in (穿着); tired of (厌烦)。
Lost / Absorbed in deep thought, he didn't hear the sound. 因为沉溺于思考之中,所以他没听到那个声音。
Born in this beautiful town, he hates to leave it.
出生于这个美丽的小镇,他不愿离开它。
二、明确过去分词作状语时的逻辑主语,进一步认识过去分词作状语
过去分词作状语时其逻辑主语为主句的主语,此时应注意人称一致。例如:
Given another hour, I can also work out this problem.
再给我一个小时,我也能解这道题。
析: given 为过去分词作状语,它的逻辑主语为主句主语 I ,即 I 被再给一个小时。
Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful to us.
从山顶看城市,城市显得更漂亮。
析: seen 为过去分词作状语,表“被看”,由语境可知,它的逻辑主语必须是城市,而不是“我们”,因为“我们”应主动看城市。
值得注意的是,如果过去分词作状语时,前面再加逻辑主语,主句的主语就不再是分词的逻辑主语,这种带逻辑主语的过去分词结构实际上属于独立主格结构。例如:
The signal given, the bus started.
信号一发出,汽车就开动了。
析: the signal 是 given 的逻辑主语,因此主句主语 the bus 就不是 given 的逻辑主语。
Her head held high, she went by.
她把头昂得高高地从这儿走了过去。
析: her head 是 held high 的逻辑主语,因此主句主语 she 就不再是 held high 的逻辑主语。
三、弄清过去分词作状语的由来,从宏观上把握过去分词作状语
过去分词作状语来源于状语从句。例如:
Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet.
因为淋了一场大雨,所以他全身湿透了。
析: caught in a heavy rain 为过去分词短语作原因状语,它来源于原因状语从句 Because he was caught in a heavy rain.
Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast.
如果种在肥沃的土壤里,这些种子能长得很快。
析: grown in rich soil 为过去分词作条件状语,它来源于条件状语从句 If these seeds are grown in rich soil.
值得注意的是,状语从句改成过去分词作状语时有时还可保留连词,构成“连词+过去分词”结构作状语。
When given a medical examination, you should keep calm.
当你做体格检查时要保持镇定。
四、明确过去分词作状语的位置。
过去分词可放在主句前作句首状语,后面有逗号与主句隔开;也可放在主句后面,前面有逗号与主句隔开。例如:
He stood there silently, moved to tears. = Moved to tears, he stood there silently.
他静静地站在那里,被感动得热泪盈眶。
五、熟悉与高考试题链接情况,了解高考考查重点。
1. _____ in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States.
A. Being founded B. It was founded
C. Founded D. Founding
析:正确答案为 C 项。哈佛大学是 1636 年被建的,所以该空应填过去分词 Founded 作状语。
2. When _____, the museum will be open to the public next year.
A. completed B. completing
C. being completed D. to be completed
析:正确答案为 A 项。博物馆是被完工的,所以该空应填过去分词 completed 作状语。
3. The research is so designed that once _____ nothing can be done to change it.
A. begins B. having begun
C. beginning D. begun
析:正确答案为 D 项。分析语境逻辑可知,该空含义为“(这研究)一旦被开始”,因此应填过去分词 begun 作状语。
4. ______ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.
A. Losing B. Having lost
C. Lost D. To lose
析:正确答案为 C 项。 lost in thought 来源于系表结构 be lost in thought ,它没有被动之意。
5. _____ more attention, the trees could have grown better.
A. Given B. To give
C. Giving D. Having given
析:正确答案为 A 项。语境告诉我们“树是被给予关心的”,因此该空应填过去分词 given 作状语。
摘自 考试报
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