陕西洋县中学教科研处 高晓峰
请看近几年的高考题：
1. (NMET 2002) Excuse me for breaking in, _____I have some news for you.
A. so B. and C. but D. yet
2. (NMET 2003) We're going to the bookstore in John's car. You can come with us ____ you can meet us there later.
A. but B. and C. or D. then
答案： 1. C 2. C 。 but 用于表示歉意的句子中。 or 表示选择，在众多情况下选择其一。
回顾近几年的高考试题，我们不难看出，对于 and, but, or 的考查频频出现，但往往被同学们所忽视。其实 and, but, or 属并列连词，其基本用法是用来连接两个相同的语法成分，有关条理地表达句子间的关系。如果错用，会造成句子结构混乱，语意不清。下面对它们的常见考点作一分析。
一 . and 的基本用法及考点
1. and 表示顺承或递进关系，强调前后的内容与形式一致。例如：
Our guide saw me and shouted at me.
One learns a language by making mistakes and correcting them.
I'd like to lie down and go to sleep.
He told his deskmate to stop writing and to listen to him.
2. and 常用在祈使句中，表示前面的条件与后面的结果一致。例如：
Knit your brows and you'll hit upon a stratagem （计谋）。
Give blood if you can and many lives will be saved.
3. and 常用在肯定句中列举并列成分，但也可用在否定句中列举并列成分，条件是双重否定句或 and 前后都有否定词。例如：
We will be shown around the city: schools, museums, and some other places, where other visitors seldom go.
No fly and no mosquito has been found in that modern hotel.
Man can't live without air and water.
4. and 放句首表示所引出的新内容和句子的关系更紧密。例如：
Don't go. They're only dogs. And dogs are our friends now.
And as for us, we are fortunate.
二 . but 的基本用法及考点
1. but 表示转折关系，强调所引出的内容与前面的内容相对或相反。例如：
My name is Robert, but most of my friends call me Bob for short.
Someone called me up in the middle of the night, but they hung up before I could answer the phone.
2. but 用于表示歉意的“ I'm sorry..., Excuse me... ”等之后，表示礼貌、拒绝或不同意，这时只起连接作用，无实在意义。例如：
I'm sorry, but I don't think I know you.
--Do you mind if I smoke here?
--I'm sorry, but it's not allowed.
注意：若用于对过去事情表示遗憾或请求原谅，不能用 but 。例如：
I'm sorry that I lost your pen.
Excuse me for my being late for class.
3. 要避免 although.though...but 用在同一个句子中的错误。这两个连词只能用其中之一。但可用副词 yet, still, nevertheless 引出让步意义。例如：
Though he is in poor health, but he still sticks to his work. （×）
Though he is in poor health, he still sticks to his work. （ ? ）
He is in poor health, but he still sticks to his work. （ ? ）
He is in poor health, yet he still sticks to his work.. （ ? ）
4. but(except, besides) 考点，如其前含“ do ”的不同形式，其后的动词不定式常省去“ to ”；但当这些介词前无“ do ”的某种形式时，其后的动词不定式不能省略“ to ”。例如：
Since I was locked in the house, I couldn't do anything but just sit there and wait.
We have no choice but to do what we were asked.
三 . or 的基本用法及考点
1. or 表示选择关系，强调多中选一。例如：
Would you like a cup of coffee or shall we get down to business right away?
Whether he speaks or not, the result will be the same.
2. or 常用在祈使句中，表示前面的条件与后面的结果不一致。 or 可换为 otherwise, or otherwise 。例如：
We must get up early tomorrow, or we'll miss the first bus to the Great Wall.
You must work harder, or you will fail to pass the college entrance examination.
3. or 用在否定句中，表示并列成分的列举。例如：
I don't like chicken or fish.
He didn't care about his kingdom or his people.
4. or 用在特殊疑问句表示追加提问，提出几种情况供对方作出肯定答复。例如：
--Who is the tallest, Tom, Mary or John?
--Maybe Tom.
--Which fruit do you like, oranges or apples?
--I like apples better.
以上讲的是这几个并列连词的基本用法，它们渗透在整个高考试题之中，要在具体的使用过程中认真、仔细体会，揣测作者的用意，才能正确地判断句子之间的关系，作出正确的选择。请做下面的选择题：
1. She set out soon after dark____home an hour later.
A. arriving B. to arrive C. having arrived D. and arrived
2. What the man said sounds unbelievable, ___it is true.
A. yet and B. and yet C. and but D. but and
3. The boy had no schooling at all, and he doesn't know how to read ___ how to write.
A. and B. or C. but D. then
4. During the test we were supposed to stay in our seats, keep our eyes on paper, ___to anyone.
A. and not speak B. but could not talk C. or speak D. rather than speak
5. Generally speaking, it's the greatest happiness on earth____.
A. loving and to be loved B. to love and be loving
C. to love and to be loved D. to love and being loved
6. The Whites should either keep their dogs in the house or____.
A. tie up B. tying up C. to tie them up D. tied up
7. The poor orphan said he had neither father_____mother, _____any brother ____sister.
A. nor, or, or B. or, nor, or C. or, or, nor D. nor, or, nor
8. --Coffee___milk?
--Only milk, please, ___I used to drink coffee.
A. and; but B. and; and C. or; and D. or; but
Key: 1. D 2. B 3. B 4. A 5. C 6. D 7. B 8. A
