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江苏如皋市第一中学 郝昌明
限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句有四大区别，现作简要介绍。
一、在句中作用不同
限制性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用，使该词的含义更具体，更明确。限制性定语从句不能被省略，否则句意就不完整。
非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切，只是对其作一些附加说明，不起限定制约作用。如果将非限制性定语从句省去，主句的意义仍然完整。
二、外在表现形式不同
限制性定语从句因与先行词关系密切，所以不可以用逗号将其与主句隔开；而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切，所以可用逗号将其与主句隔开。
例 1. Do you remember the girl who taught us English?
你还记得教我们英语的那个女孩吗？
例 2. Clock is a kind of instrument which can tell people time.
钟是一种能够告诉人们时间的仪器。
例 3. This is the place where he used to live.
这就是他过去居住的地方。
例 4. Mr. Zhang, who came to see me yesterday, is an old friend of mine.
张先生昨天来看我，他是我的一位朋友。
例 5. We walked down the village street, where they were having market day.
我们沿着村里的大街向前走去，村民们正在那里赶集。
析：在前三个例句中，定语从句与先行词关系密切，为限制性定语从句，不可用逗号将其与主句隔开。在后两个例句中，定语从句与先行词关系不密切，为非限制性定语从句，可用逗号将其与主句隔开。
三、先行词内容有所不同
大多数限制性和非限制性定语从句的先行词往往为某一个词或短语，而特殊情况下非限制性定语从句的先行词也可为整个主句，此时非限制性定语从句常由 which 引导。
例 1. A middle-aged woman killed her husband, which frightened me very much.
一个中年女子杀害了自己的丈夫，这令我十分恐惧。
析：由语境可知，令“我”恐惧的内容应为“中年女子杀害了自己的丈夫”这整个一件事，因此先行词为整个主句，此时应由 which 引导定语从句。
例 2. A five-year-old boy can speak two foreign languages, which surprises all the people present.
一个五岁男孩会讲两门外语，这令所有在场的人感到非常惊讶。
析：由语境可知，令所有在场的人感到惊讶的内容是“一个五岁男孩会讲两门外语”这整个一件事，因此先行词为整个主句，此时应由 which 引导非限制性定语从句。
四、关系词的使用情况有所不同
（一） that 不可用于引导非限制性定语从句
所有关系代词和关系副词均可引导限制性定语从句，大多数关系代词和关系副词可引导非限制性定语从句，但 that 不可。
例 1. 他送给他母亲一台彩电作为生日礼物，这使她非常高兴。
误： He gave his mother a color TV set for her birthday, that pleased her a lot.
正： He gave his mother a color TV set for her birthday, which pleased her a lot.
例 2. 他没通过这次考试，令我很失望。
误： He didn't pass the exam, that disappointed me.
正： He didn't pass the exam, which disappointed me.
值得注意的是，不少同学误认为只有 which 才能引导非限制性定语从句，这个观点是不正确的。使用非限制性定语从句时，如果先行词指人，则用 who ， which 或 whose 引导非限制性定语从句；先行词指物可用 which 引导非限制性定语从句；先行词表时间或地点且在从句中作时间状语或地点状语时，可用 when ， where 引导非限制性定语从句。
例 1. We'll graduate in July, when we will be free.
我们将于七月份毕业，到那时我们就自由了。
例 2. Last Sunday they reached Nanjing, where a conference was to be held.
他们上周日到达南京，有个会议要在那里举行。
（二）关系代词替代情况不同
关系代词 whom 在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用 who 代替 whom ，但 whom 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用 who 来代替。
例 1. This is the girl whom I met in the street.
这是我在街上遇到的那个女孩。
析：先行词 the girl 在限制性定语从句中作宾语，可用 who 代替 whom 。
例 2. A young man had a new girl friend, whom he wanted to impress.
一个年轻的小伙子新交了一个女朋友，他想给她留下深刻的印象。
析：先行词 a new girl friend 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语，不可用 who 代替 whom 。
在限制性定语从句中，先行词指人时可用 that 代替 who/ whom ，但在非限制性定语从句中先行词指人时，不可用 that 代替 who/whom 。
例：她有一个姐姐，她是教师。
误： She has a sister, that is a teacher.
正： She has a sister, who is teacher.
（三）关系代词省略情况不同
关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省去，非限制性定语从句的所有关系词均不可省。
例 1. This is the book (which/that) he lost yesterday.
这就是他昨天丢的那本书。
析：先行词 the book 在限制性定语从句中作宾语，关系代词 which 或 that 可以省略。
例 2. The book, which he lost yesterday, has been found.
他昨天丢了这本书，但现在已找到了。
析：先行词 the book 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语，关系代词 which 不可省。
［实战演练］
1. She heard a terrible noise, _________ brought her heart into her mouth.
A. it B. which C. this D. that
2. Have you ever been to Xi'an, _________ I left ten years ago.
A. which B. whose C. that D. /
3. The weather turned out to be very good, _________ was more than we could expect.
A. what B. which C. that D. it
4. His English, ________ used to be very poor is now excellent.
A. which B. that C. it D . whom
5. Some of the roads were flooded, __________ makes our journey more difficult.
A. that B. it C. which D. who
6. I'll find a nice girl, _________ I want to marry.
A. who B. whom C. that D. which
7. I'll come at ten, ________ I'll be free.
A. which B. that C. when D. what
8. She has two brothers, _________ are teachers.
A. who B. that C. whom D. /
9. Which answer is NOT true?
This is the factory ________ I visited yesterday.
A. that B. which C. / D. where
10. I still remember the days _________ I spent in Beijing.
A. when B. what C. that D. during
Key:
1. B 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. C
6. B 7. C 8. A 9. D 10. C
摘自 中学生英语读写 |
