四川大竹中学 凌前文 郭秀英
　　
　　虚拟语气是中学英语的语法难点之一，句型多，内容广，掌握起来非常难。近年来高考中多次出现虚拟语气的考题，考生难以应对，答题正确率低。笔者现结合自己的教学实践，把学生做题时常出现的典型错题集中起来，加以小结，供同学们参考。
　　
　　一 . 注意虚拟语气条件句中主、从句的动作发生时间不一致
　　
　　1. Look at the trouble? If only I ______ your advice.
　　
　　A. followed B. would follow C. had followed D. should followed
　　
　　解析： C 。这道题主、从句的动作发生时间不一致。听从你的建议这个动作发生在过去，因此用过去完成时表示虚拟语气。句意为：看看我现在的麻烦！要是我当初听你的建议就好了。
　　
　　2. It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I ______ in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox library in my hometown.
　　
　　A. wouldn't have fallen B. had not fallen C. should fall D. were to fall
　　
　　解析： B 。根据 I would be doing today ，可知本句为虚拟语气， at the age of seven 是表示过去的时间状语， if 从句中的谓语要用 had not fallen ，表示对过去情况的假设。句意为：如果我七岁时在家乡没有喜欢上美林达科斯图书馆的话，很难想像我现在在干什么。
　　
　　多说几句：做这类题时，要看清主、从句的时间状语，把握主、从句的大意和语境。
　　
　　二 . 注意虚拟条件从句的特殊形式
　　
　　1. Without electricity, human life ______ quite different today.
　　
　　A. is B. will be C. would have been D. would be
　　
　　解析： D 。该题考查隐含条件句中的虚拟语气的用法。根据题意， Without electricity 是隐含、假设的条件， today 说明是对现在事实相反的假设。
　　
　　2. _______ for the free tickets, I would not have gone to the films so often.
　　
　　A. If it is B. Were it is C. Had it not been D. If they were not
　　
　　解析： C 。该题是与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句的倒装句型。大意为：如果不是免费的，我就不会常常去看电影。
　　
　　3. Without the air to hold some of the sun's heat, the earth at night _____, too cold for us to live.
　　
　　A. would be freezing cold B. will be freezing coldly
　　
　　C. would be frozen cold D. can freeze coldly
　　
　　解析： A 。 freezing cold 意为“很冷”。“晚上地球太冷，我们不能生存”的假设与现在事实相反。
　　
　　4. Should he come here, tell him about it. = If he should come here, tell him about it. 如果他来这儿了，把这件事告诉他。
　　
　　多说几句：虚拟条件从句中若含有 were, had 或 should ，可以省略 if ，而把这几个词置于句首；用介词短语替代条件句，后面的句子根据情况，可以用虚拟语气。
　　
　　三 . 注意转折语气连词引导的虚拟语气
　　
　　1. He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he ______ a goal.
　　
　　A. had scored B. scored C. would score D. would have score
　　
　　解析： D 。从句中大意和关键词可以推测出，这道题考查的是学生掌握虚拟语气的情况。第一句陈述的是过去发生的情况，第二句是对过去发生的情况的假设。句意为：射门前他犹豫了一下，要不然就得分了。
　　
　　2. I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I _____ for her.
　　
　　A. has to write it out B. must have written it out
　　
　　C. should have written it out D. ought to write it out
　　
　　解析： C 。 should have done = ought to have done 表示该做而没有做。句意为：我告诉 Sally 怎么到这儿，可是我本应该为她写出这里的详细地址。
　　
　　3. The captain kept calm in the terrible storm, otherwise the accident _______ .
　　
　　A. couldn't be prevented B. mustn't have prevented
　　
　　C. wouldn't have been prevented D. shouldn't prevented
　　
　　解析： C 。第一句陈述过去发生的真实情况，第二句是过去的虚拟假设。句意为：船长在可怕的大风暴中显得很镇静，否则一场事故不可避免。
　　
　　4. Yesterday, Jane walked away from the discussion. Otherwise, she ______ something she would regret later.
　　
　　A. had said B. said C. might say D. might have said
　　
　　解析： D 。第一句陈述过去发生的真实情况，第二句是对过去的虚拟假设。句意为：昨天离开了讨论现象，不然她会说一些后悔的话。
　　
　　多说一句：转折语气连词 but 或 otherwise 引导虚拟语气。
　　
　　四 . 注意几个特殊虚拟语气句型
　　
　　1. I wish I ______ you yesterday.
　　
　　A. seen B. did see C. had seen D. were to seen
　　
　　解析： C 。 with ＋宾语从句，其宾语从句的谓语结构通常有三种形式： could/ would / might ＋动词原形表示与将来事实相反；谓语动词用过去式表示与现在事实相反； had ＋过去分词表示与过去事实相反。根据时间状语，是与过去事实相反的假设。
　　
　　2. It's high time we _______ the reading-room.
　　
　　A. went to B. will go to C. go to D. will have gone to
　　
　　解析： A 。 It's ( high/ about ) time 之后的从句，其谓语结构通常用动词的过去形式。
　　
　　3. I would rather you _______ to our school on Wednesday.
　　
　　A. will come B. should come C. came D. will have come
　　
　　解析： C 。 I would rather 之后的从句，其谓语结构用动词的过去形式。
　　
　　五 . 注意虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法
　　
　　1. He insisted that he _______ anything.
　　
　　A. had never stolen B. would have never stolen
　　
　　C. has never stolen D. would have stolen
　　
　　解析： A 。 insist 之后的宾语从句，其谓语结构为（ should ）＋动词原形。但其意为“声称；强调”时，宾语从句用陈述语气。其句意为：他强调他什么也没偷。
　　
　　2. He suggested that the boy ______ to the park.
　　
　　A. should send B. should be sent C. had sent D. had been sent
　　
　　解析： B 。 suggest 之后的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气。类似的动词有： order ， demand ， propose ， command ， request ， require ， desire ， insist ， ask ， suggest 等，其宾语从句的谓语结构：（ should ）＋动词原形。但 suggest 表示“暗示；表明”时，宾语从句用陈述语气。其句意为：他建议把孩子送到公园去。
　　
　　六 . 注意分词和独立结构引导的虚拟语气
　　
　　1. Given more time, we ______ the work better.
　　
　　A. did B. could have done C. have done D. shall have done
　　
　　解析： B 。这道题相当于一个含虚拟语气的条件状语从句： If we had given more time, we could have done the work better.
　　
　　2. Not having finished the work, he ______ this film.
　　
　　A. couldn't have seen B. hasn't seen C. saw D. didn't see
　　
　　解析： A 。句意为：如果他没有完成工作，电影就看不成了。相当于 If he had not finished the work, he couldn't have seen this film.
　　
　　3. Weather permitting, we ______ out to visit our teacher.
　　
　　A. would go B. shall go C. went D. have gone
　　
　　解析： A 。句意为：如果天气好，我们就会去看望老师。相当于： If weather permits, we would go out to visit our teacher.
　　
　　摘自 中学生英语读写