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江苏如皋市第一中学 陈梅
情态动词是高中英语重点语法,也是历年高考命题的热点。“情态动词+ have +过去分词”句型的用法是情态动词语法中的一个难点,它既可以用来表示对过去所发生事情的一种推测,也可以用来表达其他含义。现笔者就这一语法现象结合历年高考有关考题在此做一归纳与分析:
一 . “情态动词+ have +过去分词”句型的基本用法
1. “ must + have +过去分词”表示对过去所发生的动作或存在的状态很有把握的一种推测,也可以表示对到目前为止的情况的推测,意为“一定……”。在使用这一句型时,要注意:①这种句型的否定式不能使用“ mustn't + have + 过去分词”,而要使用“ can't ( couldn't ) + have + 过去分词”结构,因为 mustn't 表示“绝对禁止”;②这种句型结构的疑问式,也不能将 must 调至主语之前,而要用 can ( could )来取代 must ,构成“ Can ( Could ) sb. have done... ?”结构。(例句见基本用法 2 )。例如:
You must have got up late this morning, otherwise you would have caught the first bus.
高考链接:
① Where is my pen? I ______ it. ( MET1988 )
A. might lose B. would have lost
C. should have lost D. must have lost
析: D 。根据题干中的前一问句可知,讲话人的笔不知去向了。因而相应的推测应为“一定丢失了”。
② I didn't hear the phone. I _____ asleep. ( MET1989 )
A. must be B. must have been C. should be D. should have been
析: B 。说话人根据自己没有听到电话响这一事实,推测自己一定睡着了。
2. “ could ( couldn't )+ have +过去分词”表示对过去情况的较有把握的肯定或否定推测,说明过去可以做或能够做,但实际上没有做的事,意为“本来可以(不可能)”。而“ can't + have +过去分词”表示一种非常有把握的否定推测,常用来说明一种到目前为止的情况。注意:询问过去是否可能发生过某事,不用“ may ( might )+ have +过去分词”,而要用“ can ( could )+ have +过去分词”。例如:
Tom could have passed the driving test, but he was too careless.
注意:在特殊疑问句中,“ can ( could )+ have +过去分词”也可以表示一种惊讶或不耐烦的感情。例如:
How could she have said to her mother like that?
高考链接:
① ---- I stayed at a hotel while in New York.
---- Oh, did you ? You ______ with Barbara. ( NMET1998 )
A. could have stayed B. could stay
C. would stay D. must have stayed
析: A 。 根据该对话语境及其句意可知,讲话人呆在纽约一家酒店事情已经发生,故回话人应表达对过去所发生事情的一种推测,说明“你本来可以和芭芭拉住在一起”。
② --- There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well.
---- It _____ a comfortable journey. ( NMET 1995 )
A. can't be B. shouldn't be
C. mustn't have been D. couldn't have been
析: D 。根据句意,车上人多,最后还是设法带走了我,可见旅途一定不可能是舒服的。选项 C 错误,不可构成否定式。
3. “ may ( might )+ have +过去分词”表示(过去)可能做到的事,但实际上并没有做。意为“也许已经……,可能已经……”。 might 的语气比 may 更为委婉或实现的可能性更小。这种结构常用于肯定句或否定句中,不能构成疑问句式,其疑问句式常用“ can ( could )+ have +过去分词”结构。例如:
You may have taken the umbrella by mistake. 你可能拿错雨伞了吧。
注:“ might + have +过去分词”也可以用来表示提出婉转的批评。例如:
You might at least have given me a phone call. 你至少可以给我一个电话吧!
高考链接:
① He ______ you more help, even though he was very busy. ( MET1990 )
A. might have given B. might give C. may have given D. may give
析: A 。根据句意“即使他很忙,也可能多给你一些帮助的”,以及后面的并列句中谓语动词所用一般过去时可知,表示对过去事情的一种推测,而选项 C 是表示对目前情况的推测。
② Yesterday, Jane walked away from the discussion. Otherwise, she ______ something she would regret later. ( 1996 上海)
A. had said B. said C. might say D. might have said
析: D 。根据上下文语境,该句句意表示对过去已发生事情的一种推测。
4. “ should ( ought to )+ have +过去分词”表示“过去本应该做但实际上没有做的事”;其否定形式要在 should 或 ought to 后加 not ,构成“ shouldn't ( oughtn't to )+ have +过去分词”结构,表示“过去本不应该做而实际做了的事”,含有“责备;抱怨;后悔”之意。例如:
He should have arrived here by now, for he took the early bus. 现在,他本应该到这儿了,他乘的是早班汽车。
高考链接:
① I was really anxious about you. You ______ home without a word. ( NMET2001 )
A. mustn't leave B. shouldn't have left
C. couldn't have left D. needn't leave
析: B 。本题后一分句含有“责备”之意。句意为:我真的为你担心,你本不该不告而别。
② I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I ______ for her. ( NMET1994 )
A. had to write it out B. must have written it out
C. should have written it out D. ought to write it out
析: C 。说话者只是将如何去那里告诉了 Sally ,但又认为当时应该写出来。 Should have written it out 表示过去本来应该写出来,但当时有没有这样做之意。
5. “ needn't + have +过去分词”表示“过去没有必要做,但实际上又做了的事”,意为“本来不必……”。例如:
The lecture didn't begin until 9 pm, we needn't have hurried. 讲座 9 点才开始,我们不必匆忙。
高考链接:
There was plenty of time. She ______ . ( MET1987 )
A. mustn't have hurried B. couldn't have hurried
C. must not hurry D. needn't have hurried
析: D 。前一分句说明了有足够的时间,这就暗示了“ she ”没有必要匆忙。
二 . “情态动词+ have +过去分词”句型的特殊用法
1. 情态动词表示“推测”构成反意疑问句时:①一般情况下,反意疑问句部分的助动词通常根据陈述句部分情态动词后的助动词来决定;②如果陈述句部分有了明确的过去时间状语,那么反意疑问句部分的助动词必须用 did 来构成。例如:
Susan can't have written a report like this, has she? 苏珊不可能写出这样的报告,是吗?
高考链接:
There is no light in the dormitory. They must have gone to the lecture, ______ ? (上海 2004 春招)
A. didn't they B. don; they C. mustn't they D. haven't they
析: D 。
2. 情态动词表示“推测”,强调正在进行的动作,构成进行体时,通常不用完成进行时,而使用进行时的一般式,构成“情态动词+ be +现在分词”结构。例如:
You haven't answered my letter for about two months. I wondered what you could be doing and what might be happening to you. 你已两个月没有给我回信了。我想知道你会在干些什么,会发生什么。
They set out at 6 this morning. They must be getting in the crops with the peasants in the fields now. 他们早晨 6 点出发的,现在一定和农民们在地里收割庄稼了。
摘自 中学生英语读写
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