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云南 李红梅
一 . 结构:现在完成时被动语态的结构就是现在完成时态和被动语态结构的叠合,即“ have + been + 动词过去分词”。试比较以下几组句子的谓语结构:
1. 主动句:
He has repaired the machine for two hours.
他修理这台机器已有两小时了。
被动句:
The machine has been repaired for two hours.
这台机器已修了两小时了。
2. 主动句:
The teacher has borrowed the books.
老师把那些书借走了。
被动句:
The books have been borrowed by the teacher.
那些书被老师借走了。
二 . 用法:现在完成时被动语态结构常用于以下两种情况:
( 1 )主谓关系被动,而且谓语动作从过去一直延续到现在;
( 2 )主谓关系被动,而且谓语动作发生在过去,但已对现在造成影响或结果。例如:
1. Many of the world's greatest cities have been built on the banks of a river.
世界上许多伟大的城市都是依河而建的。
2. St Petersburg has also been the center of many important events in history.
圣彼得堡也是历史上许多重大事件的中心。
3. Recently the price of TV sets has been cut.
近来电视机降价了。
4. Have the letters been posted?
信已经寄出去了吗?
(以上第 1 、 2 句属于第一种情况,第 3 、 4 句属于第二种情况)
三 . 现在完成时主动句和被动句之间的转换:如果要将现在完成时的主动句转换成被动句,则要把其宾语变为主语,谓语动词变为被动结构,主语变为由介词引导的状语或直接将其省略;反之,如果要把被动句变为主动句,则恢复其原来的主语,谓语动词套用主动结构。例如:
1. 主动句:
They have asked him some questions.
他们问了他一些问题。
被动句:
He has been asked some questions.
他被问了一些问题。
2. 主动句:
He has eaten the cake.
他把蛋糕吃了。
被动句
The cake has been eaten by him.
蛋糕被他吃了。
3. 主动句:
Someone has set fire to the house.
有人曾放火烧了那房子。
被动句:
The house has been set fire to.
那房子已被人放火烧了。
4. 主动句:
We haven't heard from her since then.
从那时候起,我们就没收到过她的来信。
被动句:
She hasn't been heard from since then.
从那时候起,她就没来过信。
摘自 考试报
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