十八、逻辑主语结构在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语，那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。
例1：Having been served lunch, ___.
(A) the problem was discussed by the members of the committee
(B) the committee members discussed the problem
(C) it was discussed by the committee members the problem
(D) a discussion of the problem was make by the members of the committee
分析：Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭，那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待，而不可能是问题，所以选择B
例2：___was not incorporated as a city until almost two centuries later, in 1834.
(A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch (B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn
(C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch (D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn
分析：空格后面是谓语和状语，空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语，但是从as a city可知，主语不是人名，而是地名，由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子，不合要求。D符合句法和题意。
例3：At thirteen___at a district school near her home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her first article in print.
(A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane Hawes had
(B) the teaching position was Mary Jane Hawe''s first
(C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching position
(D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching position
分析：从并列连词and 可知，第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子，空格处缺主谓结构，而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语，故选D。
例4： Even at low levels, ___.
(A) the nervous system has produced detrimental effects by lead
(B) lead''s detrimental effects are producing the nervous system
(C) lead produces detrimental effects on the nervous system
(D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on the nervous system
分析：空格前为介词短语状语，空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整，但意思不清，D不是完整的句子，故选C。
十九、复合宾语结构有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整，需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词，该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态，分别变为主语和主补。 We played soccer. We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语
下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 make, consider, call, elect, appoint, 例：We appoint him monitor. We elected him president.
例1：Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not consider them___because they are now primarily kept as pets.
(A) where sporting dogs (B) sporting dogs
(C) when sporting dogs (D) they are sportingdogs
分析：选择B, them是宾语，sporting dogs宾补
